Absolute
  • Acute myocardial infarction (within 3 to 5 days)
  • Unstable angina
  • Uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmias causing symptoms of
  • haemodynamic compromise
  • Active endocarditis
  • Symptomatic severe aortic stenosis
  • Uncontrolled symptomatic heart failure
  • Acute pulmonary embolus or pulmonary infarction
  • Acute non-cardiac disorder that may affect exercise
  • performance or be aggravated by exercise (e.g. infection, renal
  • failure, thyrotoxicosis)
  • Acute myocarditis or pericarditis
  • Physical disability that would preclude safe and adequate test
  • performance
  • Thrombosis of lower extremity

Relative
  • Left main coronary stenosis or its equivalent
  • Moderate stenotic valvular heart disease
  • Electrolyte abnormalities
  • Significant arterial or pulmonary hypertension
  • Tachyarrhythmias or bradyarrhythmias
  • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  • Mental impairment leading to inability to cooperate
  • High degree atrioventricular block

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